Introduction: Scoliosis is a common deformity of spinal column. Most previous researches have concentrated mainly on kinematic parameters. However, this spinal abnormality is also a structural deformity affects on the normally symmetrical vertebral column, alters the centre of mass position, and weight distribution on the lower limbs. Therefore, Kinetic evaluation can lead to a better understanding of the etiology of scoliosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate Kinetic parameters in scoliotic subjects and compare with normal participants considering previous studies.Materials and Methods: In this research, some key words like scoliosis, Kinetic, ground reaction force, center of pressure, moment, and intervertebral force were used to find suitable articles. These researches were found on data bases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Ovid, and Springer. Papers were selected based on identified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then articles were scored by downs and black tool.Results: Among thirteen articles, eleven were selected from 1998 to 2012. For symmetric index, researchers indicated an asymmetry, but these asymmetries did not follow any special pattern with curves. Also, researchers showed that maximum displacement in center of pressure occurred on mediolateral direction. Another article investigated Kinetic parameters evaluation during lateral steps, because in this gait pattern asymmetries were greater between two normal and patient groups.Conclusion: According to previous studies, there was an asymmetry in parameters. But, there is not any relationship between asymmetry and curves pattern in scoliotic subjects.

Background: Thermoluminescence dosimeters are the most widely used inactive in vivo dosimeters. Nanoparticles have more suitable dosimetry properties than similar bulk materials. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and to determine the Kinetic parameters of nanophosphor equivalent to human tissue for using in medical purposes. Methods: After synthesis of LiB3O5 nanophosphor, structure and its dimensions were investigated using X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different activators were added to each nanophosphor with 0. 5, 1, and 2 percent of weight, to select the most suitable compound as a usable thermoluminescence dosimeter in medicine. The Kinetic parameters of the glow peaks were calculated using four methods, and the results of these methods were compared. Findings: SEM and XRD analysis showed that the dimensions of synthesized phosphorus were less than 100 nm, and had a relatively high purity. By irradiating and reading the samples, the best peak position and intensity of the glow curve were obtained by 2 percent of weight aluminum (Al) activator at the peak temperature of 183 ° C. Conclusion: The results of different methods were in good agreement. The calculated mean value of the activation energy was 1. 243 eV, which had a good energy level for the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) reader. By comparing the experimental and computational values, the validity of the computational methods was confirmed.

In the recent years, the use of enzymes for organic synthesis reactions has been extensively increased. Laccases are multi-copper oxidoreductases with wide potential applications in green chemistry and various industries. Surfactants could be used in enzymatic reactions for improving the solubility and availability of hydrophobic substrates. These compounds may also enhance enzyme activities in water/surfactant media as compared to those expressed in pure buffer solutions. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity and stability of a fungal laccase in the presence of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants, namely sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 (TX-100), respectively. The effects of surfactants on Kinetic parameters (i.e., Km, Vmax), optimum temperature, optimum pH and enzyme stability were then investigated. It was found that in the presence of low concentrations of AOT, the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme increased, whereas laccase inactivation was observed by CTAB and TX-100. CTAB shifted the optimum pH of laccase to acidic pH and the optimum temperature of the enzyme to lower degrees. Thermal stability studies at 50o, 60o, and 70oC revealed TX-100 stabilization and AOT and CTAB destabilization effects which may be attributed to the possible conformational changes of the enzyme.

In the present work, a titanium-based Ziegler-Natta catalyst was employed to synthesize ultra molecular weight polyethylene in a slurry medium. The effect of different parameters such as ethylene pressure, temperature, catalyst composition, and hydrogen pressure was studied. As the results indicate, increasing either [Al]/[Ti] ratio or temperature causes polymerization rate to go through a maximum. In addition, an increase in either monomer pressure or stirrer speed augments polymer molecular weight. Reducing hydrogen pressure also raises polymer molecular weight. Finally, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is produced in the absence of hydrogen.

In this study, "water-gas shift reaction" which is, an exothermic reaction aimed at production of hydrogen and reduction of CO level in gas reaction, as well as mechanism and Kinetic models of this reaction on platinum catalyst have been calculated. Two types of redox and associative mechanisms based on Langmuire-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal models have been considered in the range of 573-723K. Fifteen Kinetic model based on the rate-limiting step were derived and they were compared with each other by using suitable objective function and Genetic Algorithm. In view of very minor calculation’s error, variation in rate constants based on Arrhenius and Vant-Hoff equation were achieved. Finally amongst submitted models, Kinetic model based on redox mechanism and Langmuire-Hinshelwood model which had the least error were recommended as the best model.

In this study simulation and optimization of an industrial acetylene hydrogenation reactor was studied. Three well known Kinetic models were used for a nearly similar catalyst to predict the industrial data. Due to the complexity of the reactions, none of the offered Kinetic models could be considered as an exact Kinetic model and it is necessary to determine the Kinetic parameters. One of the best methods to determine the Kinetic of a process is to simulate the process and then minimize the deviations between industrial data and calculated ones. Thus the hydrogenation reactor was simulated at the industrial operating conditions which were taken from an operational petrochemical plant and the optimum Kinetic parameters were determined using optimization technique. Since such problem has many local optima, the genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) methods were used to optimize the Kinetic parameters of the three models. Due to the strong dependency of the GA performance on the GA condition, it was tried to investigate the effect of GA parameters on overall GA performance in detail. For this purpose, different GA parameters were used to solve the problem and results were discussed.